4. Genes are a set of instructions encoded in the DNA sequence of each organism that
specify the sequence of amino acids in proteins characteristic of that organism. As a
basis for understanding this concept:
a. Students know the general pathway by which ribosomes synthesize proteins,
using tRNAs to translate genetic information in mRNA.
b. Students know how to apply the genetic coding rules to predict the sequence of
amino acids from a sequence of codons in RNA.
c. Students know how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may or may not
affect the expression of the gene or the sequence of amino acids in an encoded
protein.
d. Students know specialization of cells in multicellular organisms is usually due to
different patterns of gene expression rather than to differences of the genes
themselves.
e. Students know proteins can differ from one another in the number and sequence
of amino acids.
f.* Students know why proteins having different amino acid sequences typically have
different shapes and chemical properties.
5. The genetic composition of cells can be altered by incorporation of exogenous DNA
into the cells. As a basis for understanding this concept:
a. Students know the general structures and functions of DNA, RNA, and protein.
b. Students know how to apply base-pairing rules to explain precise copying of DNA
during semiconservative replication and transcription of information from DNA
into mRNA.
c. Students know how genetic engineering (biotechnology) is used to produce novel
biomedical and agricultural products.
d.* Students know how basic DNA technology (restriction digestion by endonu
cleases, gel electrophoresis, ligation, and transformation) is used to construct
recombinant DNA molecules.
e.* Students know how exogenous DNA can be inserted into bacterial cells to alter
their genetic makeup and support expression of new protein products.
specify the sequence of amino acids in proteins characteristic of that organism. As a
basis for understanding this concept:
a. Students know the general pathway by which ribosomes synthesize proteins,
using tRNAs to translate genetic information in mRNA.
b. Students know how to apply the genetic coding rules to predict the sequence of
amino acids from a sequence of codons in RNA.
c. Students know how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may or may not
affect the expression of the gene or the sequence of amino acids in an encoded
protein.
d. Students know specialization of cells in multicellular organisms is usually due to
different patterns of gene expression rather than to differences of the genes
themselves.
e. Students know proteins can differ from one another in the number and sequence
of amino acids.
f.* Students know why proteins having different amino acid sequences typically have
different shapes and chemical properties.
5. The genetic composition of cells can be altered by incorporation of exogenous DNA
into the cells. As a basis for understanding this concept:
a. Students know the general structures and functions of DNA, RNA, and protein.
b. Students know how to apply base-pairing rules to explain precise copying of DNA
during semiconservative replication and transcription of information from DNA
into mRNA.
c. Students know how genetic engineering (biotechnology) is used to produce novel
biomedical and agricultural products.
d.* Students know how basic DNA technology (restriction digestion by endonu
cleases, gel electrophoresis, ligation, and transformation) is used to construct
recombinant DNA molecules.
e.* Students know how exogenous DNA can be inserted into bacterial cells to alter
their genetic makeup and support expression of new protein products.